一、山羊传染性胸膜肺炎灭活疫苗被急冻两个月后还可以用吗?会不会对山羊造成不良影响?
不能使用。
因为疫苗需要在规定的温度下保存,一旦超出温度范围就会失去作用。
羊用的三联四防灭活粉剂疫苗需要存储在2℃~8℃的环境中,如果放在-18℃的环境中冷冻,会破坏疫苗中的有效成分,导致失效。
此外,疫苗还要注意防止激烈振荡和照射。
如果疫苗在运输过程中未能得到很好的保护,也会导致失效。
如果需要长时间储存或运输疫苗,通常需要使用专用的保温材料,使其在规定的温度下保存。
此外,厂商通常会在疫苗包装箱上标注疫苗存储和运输的相关要求,使用前需要仔细阅读盒子上的说明书。
二、猪支原体肺炎灭活疫苗和活疫苗区别?
目前国内应用的猪肺炎支原体疫苗包括弱毒活疫苗和灭活苗,活疫苗由于胸腔注射途径难于掌握,副反应较大,因此推广受到限制,而灭活疫苗特别是新型佐剂和双重佐剂的疫苗在田间显示出对猪支原体肺炎较为理想的控制效果。
三、猪胸膜肺炎症状?
急性型病猪体温升高,达40.5℃-41℃,患猪精神萎靡,食欲废绝,站立不稳,呼吸急促,并伴有阵阵咳嗽,有短期的腹泻和呕吐出现
四、灭活疫苗多少钱
The topic of vaccination has been a prominent one recently, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that has affected the entire world. As scientists and researchers work tirelessly to develop effective vaccines, one type of vaccine that has gained attention is the inactivated vaccine, also known as a "灭活疫苗" in Mandarin. In this blog post, we will delve into the concept of inactivated vaccines and explore their significance in the fight against infectious diseases.What is an inactivated vaccine?
An inactivated vaccine, as the name suggests, is created by using a non-infectious version of the pathogen causing the disease. This is achieved by either fully killing the pathogen or rendering it incapable of replication. The inactivated pathogen is then used to stimulate an immune response in the vaccinated individual without causing the actual disease. By doing so, the immune system learns to recognize and combat the pathogen when encountered in the future.
Production process of inactivated vaccines
The production process of inactivated vaccines follows a standardized set of steps to ensure their safety and efficacy:
- Virus cultivation: The targeted pathogen is isolated and cultivated under controlled laboratory conditions. This step is crucial to obtain a sufficient quantity of the virus for further processing.
- Inactivation: Once sufficient virus quantity is obtained, either chemicals, heat, or radiation are used to inactivate the pathogen without compromising its structural properties.
- Purification: The inactivated virus is then purified to remove any unwanted substances, such as the chemicals used for inactivation, cellular debris, or other impurities.
- Formulation: The purified inactivated virus is mixed with other components, such as adjuvants, stabilizers, and preservatives, to create the final vaccine formulation.
- Quality control: The formulated vaccine undergoes rigorous testing to ensure its safety, potency, and sterility. This includes evaluating its ability to induce an immune response and absence of any contamination.
- Storage and distribution: Once approved, the inactivated vaccine is packaged, stored under appropriate conditions, and distributed to healthcare facilities for administration.
Uses of inactivated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines have been successfully used to prevent a variety of infectious diseases, including:
- Polio: The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has been instrumental in the global efforts to eradicate polio. IPV is given as a series of shots to provide long-term protection.
- Hepatitis A: Inactivated vaccines for Hepatitis A have proven to be highly effective in preventing this viral liver disease.
- Influenza: Each year, inactivated influenza vaccines are developed to protect against different strains of the influenza virus.
- Rabies: Inactivated rabies vaccines are used for both pre-exposure prophylaxis in high-risk individuals and post-exposure treatment after potential exposure to the rabies virus.
Advantages of inactivated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines offer several advantages:
- Safety: Inactivated vaccines cannot cause the disease they are designed to protect against. This makes them safe for a wide range of individuals, including those with weakened immune systems.
- Long-lasting immunity: Inactivated vaccines often provide longer immunity compared to live attenuated vaccines. This reduces the need for booster doses.
- No risk of reversion: Inactivated vaccines do not carry the risk of reverting to a virulent form, unlike live attenuated vaccines. This makes them suitable for individuals with compromised immune systems.
- Stability: Inactivated vaccines are generally more stable and have fewer storage requirements compared to live vaccines, making their distribution and administration easier.
Cost of inactivated vaccines
The cost of inactivated vaccines varies depending on multiple factors, such as:
- Manufacturing process: The complexity of the manufacturing process and the requirements for purification and quality control can influence the cost of inactivated vaccines.
- Research and development: Extensive research is conducted to develop and refine inactivated vaccines, which contributes to their overall cost.
- Distribution: The cost of distributing inactivated vaccines to healthcare facilities, particularly in remote areas, can impact their overall price.
It is important to note that the price of inactivated vaccines can vary between different countries and healthcare systems. In some cases, governments may subsidize or provide inactivated vaccines at reduced costs to ensure widespread availability.
To obtain accurate and up-to-date information on the cost of inactivated vaccines, it is advisable to consult local healthcare authorities, vaccination centers, or healthcare providers in your region. They can provide detailed information based on your specific requirements, including any potential discounts or subsidies available.
Conclusion
Inactivated vaccines play a crucial role in protecting individuals and communities from infectious diseases. Through their safe and effective mechanism, they have contributed significantly to the prevention and control of various viruses. While the cost of inactivated vaccines may vary, their impact on public health makes them a valuable investment. Stay informed, get vaccinated, and together we can build a healthier future.
五、猪胸膜肺炎打什么针?
1、常见于6周3月龄猪;
2、病猪昏睡,废食,高热,或呕吐、拉稀、咳嗽;
3、后期呈犬坐姿势,心博过速,皮肤发紫,呼吸极度困难,严重出血性、坏死性肺炎,气道中充满泡沫、血色、粘液性渗出物,胸腔血红色液体;
4、纤维素性胸膜肺炎蔓延至整个肺脏,肺与胸膜粘连。防治措施:1.加强饲养管理,注意通风换气,降低饲养密度,减少各种应激因素。2.做好病毒性疾病的科学免疫,加强伪狂犬病和圆环病毒病的有效疫苗接种。3.做好药物的预防保健。在转群、混群或发病前15天进行药物预防保健1-2周,临床上可选用氟苯尼考、强力霉素、磺胺等药物进行预防。有条件的猪场可以进行药敏试验,选择适合本猪场的敏感抗生素进行预防保健
六、猪胸膜肺炎怎么治疗?
猪传染性胸膜肺炎是由胸膜肺炎放线杆菌引起的一种接触性传染病,猪传染性胸膜肺炎是猪的一种重要呼吸道疾病,猪传染性胸膜肺炎在许多养猪国家流行,已成为世界性工业化养猪的五大疫病之一,造成重大的经济损失。
抗生素对猪传染性胸膜肺炎无明显疗效。
任何猪都易感猪传染性胸膜肺炎,其中6周龄至6月龄的猪较多发,但以3月龄仔猪最为易感。
猪传染性胸膜肺炎的发生多呈最急性型或急性型病程而迅速死亡,急性暴发猪群,发病率和死亡率一般为50%左右,最急性型的死亡率可达80%~100%。
猪传染性胸膜肺炎的发生具有明显的季节性,多发生于4~5月和9~11月。
饲养环境突然改变、猪群的转移或混群、拥挤或长途运输、通风不良、湿度过高、气温骤变等应激因素,均可引起猪传染性胸膜肺炎发生或加速疾病传播,使发病率和死亡率增加。
猪传染性胸膜肺炎初期,猪群还有较好的食欲或饮水情况下,使用混饲或混饮给药。
每吨饲料添加氟苯尼考100克,连用7天,然后将剂量减半,再用14天。
每吨饲料添加头孢噻呋100克,连用5天,然后将量减半,再继续使用14天。
对于因发病而不采食,但饮水较好的患猪可用盐酸多西环素,每100升饮水添加盐酸多西环素15克,连用7天。
猪传染性胸膜肺炎导致猪已不能采食时,应注射给药呼肽奇,一次量,每公斤体重的猪0.1ml;一日一次,连用2-3天。
七、猪免疫疫苗:活疫苗与灭活疫苗的选择
什么是猪免疫疫苗
猪免疫疫苗是一种用于预防和控制猪群中传染病的生物制品。疫苗通过引入病原体的成分或整活病毒,让猪体免疫系统产生针对病原体的免疫反应,从而提高猪的抵抗力,减少疾病的发生。
活疫苗和灭活疫苗的区别
活疫苗和灭活疫苗是猪免疫疫苗的两种主要类型。活疫苗是使用弱化但仍有活性的病原体,通过感染猪体来诱导免疫反应。灭活疫苗则是将病原体进行灭活处理后使用,这样病原体就无法复制或引起感染,但仍能刺激猪体的免疫系统。
活疫苗的优势和应用
活疫苗在猪免疫中有以下优势:
- 免疫效果高:活疫苗能够在猪体内大量复制,激发免疫系统产生强烈的免疫反应。
- 长期保护:活疫苗通过感染猪体而产生的免疫反应能够持续较长时间,提供长期保护。
- 经济实惠:活疫苗生产成本低,适合大规模生产。
活疫苗的应用范围包括猪瘟、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、出血性败血症等传染病的预防和控制。
灭活疫苗的优势和应用
灭活疫苗在猪免疫中有以下优势:
- 安全性高:灭活疫苗经过处理后无法复制或诱发病原体感染,安全性更高。
- 稳定性好:灭活疫苗具有较长的保质期,便于运输和储存。
- 低致病风险:灭活疫苗不会引发疾病,适用于健康状态较差的猪。
灭活疫苗的应用范围主要包括猪蓝耳病、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征等传染病。
如何选择猪免疫疫苗
选择猪免疫疫苗应考虑以下因素:
- 疫苗的免疫效果:根据不同病原体的特点选择合适的疫苗类型。
- 病情的严重程度:对于鼠疫等严重传染病,建议使用灭活疫苗。
- 养殖环境和管理水平:若养殖环境不稳定或管理水平较低,建议选择活疫苗以提高免疫效果。
总体而言,活疫苗和灭活疫苗都有自身的优势和适用范围。选择合适的疫苗应根据具体情况进行综合考虑。 在选择和使用疫苗时, 必须遵守相关的法律和监管要求, 并按照疫苗的说明书和兽医建议正确使用。
八、兽用活疫苗与灭活疫苗区别?
兽用活疫苗和灭活疫苗是两种不同类型的兽医疫苗,它们在制备方法、免疫原性以及应用方面有所不同。
1.制备方法:兽用活疫苗是通过使用活性微生物、病毒或细菌等作为免疫原,经过适当的处理使其失去致病性但保留免疫原性,然后作为疫苗接种给动物。而灭活疫苗则是通过使用已经被灭活或杀死的微生物、病毒或细菌作为免疫原,通常通过化学或物理方法来杀灭其致病性。
2.免疫原性:兽用活疫苗在接种后可以在动物体内复制,产生持续性免疫效应,使动物获得较长时间的免疫保护。而灭活疫苗通常需要辅助剂或多次接种才能获得持久的免疫效应。
3.安全性:兽用活疫苗可能存在一定的安全风险,因为它们是活性微生物,病毒或细菌,有可能引起病原性复苏、毒性反应或不良反应。而灭活疫苗通常较为安全,因为其使用的微生物、病毒或细菌已经被灭活或杀死,不能复制和致病。
4.应用方面:兽用活疫苗通常用于动物的初次免疫,尤其是在动物暴露于病原微生物时,可以迅速产生免疫应答。而灭活疫苗通常用于动物的补充免疫,以巩固和延长动物的免疫保护。
总的来说,兽用活疫苗和灭活疫苗在制备方法、免疫原性、安全性和应用方面存在差异。在选择使用哪种类型的疫苗时,需要考虑动物的免疫需求、疫情情况、免疫程序以及疫苗的安全性和有效性等因素,并在兽医的指导下进行合理的应用。
九、灭活疫苗运输条件?
在温度零下2度到8度条件下,可以运输新冠疫苗。
十、灭活疫苗和腺病毒疫苗哪个好?
目前国内获批上市的新冠疫苗,无论是打2针的灭活疫苗、打1针的腺病毒载体疫苗还是打3针的重组蛋白疫苗,从临床实验数据看,这三种新冠疫苗无论是安全性还是有效性都达到了国家药品监管局《新型冠状病毒预防用疫苗临床评价指导原则(试行)》的要求,且在效果上并没有很大的差异。
疫苗之间并无孰优孰劣之分,只要是获批上市使用的都是达到安全标准的,具体疫苗有效性如下↓
灭活疫苗
目前中国内地已经批准使用的灭活疫苗共有3款,分别为国药北京所、国药武汉所及北京科兴生产,还有一款深圳康泰生产的灭活疫苗也已经被批准紧急接种。
灭活疫苗的原理是通过化学等方法直接使新冠病毒失去感染性和复制力,同时保留能引起人体免疫应答的活性部分,然后把灭活病毒颗粒注射到人体中,诱导人体产生免疫反应。
通俗来讲,就是警察把坏人的尸体给小孩子认,记住模样,遇到活病毒就能应对。
『保护效果』
●国药北京所的灭活新冠疫苗2剂免疫后保护效力为79.34%;重症保护效果为99.5%;
●国药武汉所的灭活新冠疫苗2剂免疫后保护效力为72.51%;重症保护效果为100%;
●北京科兴的灭活新冠疫苗平均保护效力在50%以上,最高可达91.25%;重症保护效果为100%。
腺病毒载体疫苗
原理:腺病毒载体疫苗属于新型疫苗中的载体疫苗,它是将病毒的核酸片段装到经过安全处理的腺病毒身上,再注射到人体内。
注射后,免疫系统会识别出这个病毒抗原,激活机体免疫反应获得免疫力,可以最大限度地发挥病毒核酸的抗原活性,激发身体的免疫作用。
『有效性』
Ⅲ期临床试验期中分析数据结果显示:
单针接种疫苗28天后,疫苗对所有症状的总体保护效力为65.28%
在单针接种疫苗14天后,疫苗对所有症状总体保护效力为68.83%
疫苗对重症的保护效力分别为,单针接种疫苗28天后为90.07%;单针接种疫苗14天后为95.47%。